简介
Gradle是一种类似Maven的项目构建工具,它没有使用繁琐的XML,而是使用Groovy语言进行配置。
作为后起之秀,Gradle继承了Maven的一些思想,并且 配置简洁 ,有更强的 灵活性 。
Android Studio从一定程度上也加快了Gradle的流行,目前有非常多的开源项目已经迁移到了Gradle。
但现阶段Gradle还不能完全替代Maven,从目前GitHub上的趋势看来,二者可能要并存一段时间了。
从去年开始在一些中小型项目上尝试引入Gradle,仅做简单的项目构建,没有太过深入研究,整体使用下来的体验还是很愉快的。
本文主要是作一些科普,抛砖引玉,并贴出两个可以直接拿来使用的示例,帮助大家快速上手。
与Maven简单对比
简洁的配置。现在有很多人都对XML深恶痛绝,在Maven中,添加一个依赖需要编写以下5行配置:
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| <dependency> <groupId>com.zaxxer</groupId> <artifactId>HikariCP</artifactId> <version>2.5.0</version> </dependency>
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而在Gradle中,只需要一行:
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| compile 'com.zaxxer:HikariCP:2.5.0'
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所以Gradle配置文件的整体长度大约是Maven的1/4到1/5左右,并且更加易读。
灵活性。例如要执行一条shell命令,只需要3行。当然客观来说,灵活往往是复杂的同义词:
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| task dropDB(type: Exec) { commandLine ‘curl’,’-s’,’s’,’-x’,’DELETE’,"http://${db.server}:{db.port}/db_name" }
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约定优于配置。Gradle的Java Plugin,定义了与Maven完全一致的项目布局:
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| src/main/java src/main/resources src/test/java src/test/resources
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更多的比较,可以参考 https://gradle.org/maven-vs-gradle
安装
- macOS下安装:
- Ubuntu下安装:
- Windows下安装:
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| Step1: 在[https://gradle.org/releases](https://gradle.org/releases) 下载binary-only的zip包 Step2: 解压至某一目录,如C:/bin/gradle Step3: 在系统属性-高级-环境变量中,新增GRADLE_HOME环境变量来指向安装路径,并在PATH环境变量的最后追加上GRADLE_HOME/bin
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学习资源
关于Gradle的学习,不再赘述,有大量的资源可供查阅
- Gradle 官网
- Gradle User Guide
- Gradle User Guide 中文版
单模块项目构建示例
下面是一个单模块Spring Boot项目的示例,适合快速搭建小型项目
/build.gradle
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| buildscript { repositories { flatDir { dirs 'libs' } mavenLocal() maven { url "http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8081/nexus/content/groups/public" } // // mavenCentral() //jcenter() }
dependencies { classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.4.0.RELEASE") } }
apply plugin: 'java' apply plugin: "spring-boot"
jar { baseName = 'project' version = '1.0-SNAPSHOT' }
sourceCompatibility = 1.7 targetCompatibility = 1.7
repositories { mavenCentral() }
dependencies { compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter' compile 'org.apache.commons:commons-email:1.4' compile files('libs/jxl-2.6.12.jar') runtime 'mysql:mysql-connector-java:5.1.36' testCompile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test' }
test { exclude 'com/foo/**' }
task listJars(description: 'Display all compile jars.') << { configurations.compile.each { File file -> println file.name } }
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多模块项目构建示例
下面是一个基于Spring Boot的多模块项目示例,可以裁剪后直接拿来做为脚手架使用,适合中型项目
/settings.gradle
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| include 'common' include 'repository' include 'restapi'
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/build.gradle
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| buildscript { repositories { mavenLocal() maven { url "http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8081/nexus/content/groups/public" } //mavenCentral() //jcenter() } dependencies { classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.4.0.RELEASE") } }
allprojects { apply plugin: 'idea' apply plugin: 'eclipse'
group = 'com.foo.bar' version = '1.0-SNAPSHOT' //archivesBaseName = 'project'
repositories { mavenLocal() maven { url "http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8081/nexus/content/groups/public" } //mavenCentral() //jcenter() } }
subprojects { apply plugin: 'java' apply plugin: "spring-boot"
sourceCompatibility = 1.8 targetCompatibility = 1.8
dependencies { compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter' compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-configuration-processor' compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools' testCompile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test' }
test { exclude 'com/foo/bar/**' }
task listJars(description: 'Display all compile jars.') << { configurations.compile.each { File file -> println file.name } } }
task wrapper(type: Wrapper) { gradleVersion = '3.1' }
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/common/build.gradle
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| bootRepackage.enabled = false jar.baseName 'project-common'
dependencies { compile project(':repository') compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web' compile 'commons-lang:commons-lang:2.6' compile 'org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.2' compile 'org.modelmapper:modelmapper:0.7.5' }
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/repository/build.gradle
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| bootRepackage.enabled = false jar.baseName 'project-repository'
dependencies { //spring boot compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa') compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jdbc' //jackson compile 'com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.8.1' //hibernate validator compile 'javax.validation:validation-api:1.1.0.Final' compile 'org.hibernate:hibernate-validator:5.2.4.Final' compile 'org.hibernate:hibernate-validator-cdi:5.2.4.Final' compile 'javax.el:javax.el-api:2.2.4' compile 'org.glassfish.web:javax.el:2.2.4' //swagger compile 'io.springfox:springfox-swagger2:2.6.0' compile 'io.springfox:springfox-swagger-ui:2.6.0' //jdbc driver runtime 'mysql:mysql-connector-java:5.1.36' runtime 'com.h2database:h2:1.4.192' //test testCompile 'org.springframework.security:spring-security-core:4.1.1.RELEASE' }
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/restapi/build.gradle
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| jar.baseName 'project-rest-api'
dependencies { compile project(':repository') compile project(':common') //spring boot compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf' compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-cache' compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security' compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator' //oauth2 compile 'org.springframework.security.oauth:spring-security-oauth2:2.0.11.RELEASE' //cache compile 'net.sf.ehcache:ehcache:2.10.2.2.21' //pool compile 'com.alibaba:druid:1.0.23' compile 'com.zaxxer:HikariCP:2.5.0' //swagger-staticdocs testCompile 'io.springfox:springfox-staticdocs:2.6.0' }
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